Objective To investigate the species composition and distribution of biting midges(Ceratopogonidae)in nine tourist attractions of Mount Lu, Mount Sanqing, Mount Longhu, Meiling Mountain, Mingyue Mountain, Fairy Lake, Wuyuan, Jinggang Mountains, and Ruijin in Jiangxi province, China. Methods The light trapping, netting, and human trap methods were used to collect non-blood-sucking and blood-sucking midges. Excel 2007 software was used to perform a statistical analysis on the number and composition ratio of biting midges collected. Results A total of 30 831 midges were collected from the nine tourist attractions in Jiangxi province, which belonged to 126 species, 9 genera,and 3 subfamilies. Among them,there were 65 species of 3 genera from subfamily Forcipomyiinae, 13 species of 1 genus from subfamily Dasyheleinae,and 48 species of 5 genera from subfamily Ceratopogoninae. A total of 10 new species were reported for the first time, and 30 species were new records for Jiangxi province. Culicoides, Forcipomyia, and Dasyhelea accounted for 73.56%,13.47%, and 9.40%, respectively, of the total catch. There were 66 species of 7 genera in Meiling Mountain, 57 species of 9 genera in Jinggang Mountains, 37 species of 7 genera in Mount Lu, 29 species of 5 genera in Mingyue Mountain, 26 species of 6 genera in Ruijin, 22 species of 5 genera in Fairy Lake, 22 species of 5 genera in Wuyuan, 21 species of 5 genera in Mount Longhu,and 17 species of 4 genera in Mount Sanqing. Culicoides arakawae(40.64%)and C. oxystoma(35.20%)were the dominant species in the nine tourist attractions of Jiangxi province. The composition ratio of main midge species varied in different tourist attractions. Conclusion The species composition and distribution of midges, especially blood-sucking midges, in tourist attractions of Jiangxi province are obtained, which provides a scientific basis for the control of blood-sucking midges and midge-borne diseases in the tourist attractions of Jiangxi province, China.

Objective To identify the blood meal source in Culicoides using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and to study the diversity of blood-sucking habit. Methods Blood-engorged Culicoides were collected by light-traps in habitats related to human activities at a village in suburban Nanchang, China, August 2017. Species-specific primers were designed based on differences between mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of common Culicoides hosts to set up a PCR system. The blood meal source in Culicoides was identified with positive and negative controls of animal blood source. Results Culicoides arakawae and C. oxystoma were the predominant species in the peasant household habitat, accounting for 37.01% and 33.85%, respectively. Culicoides arakawae (81.40%) was the dominating specie in chicken coops and C. oxystoma (57.66%) was the predominant specie in pigsties. Results of PCR for blood meal source in Culicoides showed that specific PCR products were amplified from the DNA extracted from Culicoides and known animal blood samples. Moreover, C. arakawae, C. oxystoma, C. punctatus, and C. homotomus could suck both human and animal blood, and they had the habit of simultaneously sucking blood from 2-4 host animals. The blood sucking index for human blood of C. arakawae, C. oxystoma, C. punctatus, and C. homotomus was 0.13, 0.63, 0.33, and 1.00, respectively. Conclusion The PCR method has advantages in sensitivity and reliability in identifying the Culicoides blood meal source. The four Culicoides are all capable of feeding on human and animal blood, with wild blood-sucking objects and diverse habit.

Objective To analyze the population characteristics of host animals of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) from 2009 to 2016 in Anyi county, Nanchang, Jiangxi province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of HFRS. Methods Snap traps were used for rodent surveillance during March to April and September to October. Direct immunofluorescence technique was used to detect the antigen of Hantavirus in the rodent lung. Related indicators were analyzed with rank correlation. Results Outside the residential area, the rodent population density was 9.93%; Apodemus agrarius was the dominant species with a virus infection rate of 6.16%. In the residential area, the rodent population density was 7.22%; Rattus tanezumi was the dominant species with a low infection rate of 0.32%; Rattus norvegicus was a common species with a relatively high infection rate of 2.88%. HFRS incidence was positively correlated with the rodent infection rate and infection index. Conclusion Apodemus agrarius and R. norvegicus are main hosts animals of HFRS in Anyi county. Rodent control should be strengthened to reduce the risk of HFRS outbreak and epidemics.

Objective In order to determine the diversity, distribution and seasonal dynamics of biting midges in different habitats of Nanchang city, China. Methods Biting midges were collected using a UV light traps with a suction fan, monthly collections were made during 2009-2012. Trapping was carried out twice a month (one was in the first ten-days of a month and the another was in the last ten-days of the month, and there were at least 15 days apart) from sunset to sunrise the following day throughout the study periods. Results A total of 63 874 biting midges were collected in 2009-2012. Eight genera ( Dasyhelea, Atrichopogon, Forcipomyia, Lasiohelea, Culicoides, Alluaudomyia, Stilobezzia, and Bezzia)including 88 species were identified. Dasyhelea was the main genus in residential area 's habitats (36.07%)and hospital habitats (43.50%); Forcipomyia and Dasyhelea were the predominant genera in park habitats, comprised 34.04% and 31.92%, respectively. Culicoides was the predominant genera in residential area's habitats and animal shelters, comprised of 49.14% and 86.35%, respectively. Culicoides and Lasiohelea were the main blood sucking biting midges in Nanchang city, and they comprised 41.79% of the total number of collections. There were two stationary active seasons, peaking in July and September, in a year. Biting midges were recorded from March to November in 2009 to 2012. Conclusion Biting midges are abundant and widespread in human and livestock living environments, and the transmission risk of Culicoides-borne viruses exists.

Objective To understand the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 25 imported Zika cases in Mainland China, and to provide reference for the prevention and control of Zika disease. Methods Collect the information of 25 imported Zika cases in mainland China, and use descriptive study to analyze the characteristics of demography, epidemiology, clinic, and laboratory. Results Among 25 imported Zika cases, 17 cases (68.0%) came from Venezuela, the median age of all cases was 30, the ratio of male to female was 1.5:1, and half the number of cases (12/25, 48.0%) engaged in commercial services. The border quarantine and health follow-up were the main methods to discover the imported cases (each found 9 cases). All cases had skin rash, and the proportion of conjunctivitis and fever was 64.0% and 52.0%, respectively. In laboratory test, the positive rate of urine sample was 92.0%, followed by saliva sample (80.0%) and blood sample (60.0%). Conclusion Strengthening the health education for people who will enter the Americas and other epidemic countries, and consolidating the border screening and inspection of travelers from the Zika epidemic areas will help to prevent and control Zika in China. Skin rash and positive result of urine sample can be considered as important references to the diagnoses of Zika disease.

Objective To investigate the resistance dynamics for Nanchang field strain of Blattella germanica against the commonly used insecticides from 2006 to 2016. Methods Field B. germanica strains were collected from the farm product markets, restaurants, hotels and supermarkets on June and July in 2006, 2010, 2014, and 2016. Residual film method and diagnostic dose method were used. Results From 2006 to 2016, by examining with the residual film method, we found that the resistance ratios of the Nanchang field strain of B. germanica against each insecticide were as follows:DDVP, 1.44, 1.45; acephate, 0.53, 0.77; propoxur, 1.09, 1.36, 1.25, 1.74; deltamethrin, 1.36, 12.73, 16.01; beta- cypermethrin, 4.99, 3.57, 4.72, 10.04; cyhalothrin, 2.34, 5.39, and alpha-cypermethrin, 3.19, 5.99. By diagnostic dose method, the resistance of Nanchang field strain of B. germanica against DDVP and propoxur has also been found. Conclusion From 2006 to 2016, the resistance to pyrethroid insecticides such as deltamethrin has developed from low to medium level, part of them reached high level. The resistance to DDVP, chlorpyrifos and propoxur remained low. The Nanchang strain of B. germanica remains susceptible to acephate.

Objective To investigate the seasonal dynamics and insecticide resistant level of Aedes albopictus in Nanchang city and provide evidence for rational application of insecticides and controlling methods of dengue. Methods Insecticide resistance was tested with exposure tubes on adults and dipping method on larvae, adult density surveillance was conducted with double stack net and Breteau index(BI), and spoon larval method were used for larval monitoring. Results Aedes albopictus had two activity peaks between June and October in Nanchang, the average net trap index was 2.46, the average BI was 4.91. The adult Ae. albopictus showed resistance to beta cypermethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cyhalothrinm,and DDT. The larvae were resistant to DDT, DDVP, propoxur, and cypermethrin, the resistance index was 15.53-30.07 fold. But it was susceptible to cypermethrin. Conclusion It is recommended to strengthen the surveillance of Ae. albopictus resistance and density variation and choose reasonable rotation with pesticides, to delay insecticide resistance and control dengue fever effectively.

Objective To assess the risk of flies in major industries of Nanchang city, and take measures to control the density of flies at low levels. Methods The invasion of flies in major industries was investigated by method of GB/T 23796-2009. To evaluate the risk of flies in major industries, classification standard of the risk occurrence possibility was established by Delphi method. Results The results of infestation in 2008-2010 showed that flies were likely to do impact people in industries of farm product markets, small restaurants, small foodstores, food processing industry, the station. Flies may possiblly do harm to people in hotels, supermarkets, canteens, tea and dance halls, hospitals. The risk levels have a downward trend in 5-10 month of 2011. To October, there were no risk possibility in industries of hospital (including hospitals), farmers market, enterprises; fixed-point stadiums, hotels, large and medium sized catering site still exists the risk possibility. Conclusion Through environmental, physical and chemical control measures, the density of declined during the period of 7th national intercity games, but some industries still had infestation risks. So it is necessary to take scientific measures to control flies in order to protect the public health.

Objective To study the prevalence and the genetic characteristics of Hantavirus in the captured rodents in Jiangxi province. Methods Rodents were captured in the main epidemic areas, and Hantavirus antigens in rat lungs were detected by direct immunofluorescence assay. Total RNA were extracted from DFA positive lungs samples and amplified by using the special Hantavirus genotyping primers to genotype. The complete S segment and partial M segment were amplified by special primer; the products were cloned, and then sequenced and analyzed. Results Six hundred and sixteen rats were captured and Hantavirus antigens were identified in 41 lung samples by DFA. Ten SEOVs and thirteen HTNVs were found in 32 DFA positive lung samples by RT-PCR, Nine samples cannot be genotyped. Seven complete S segments were obtained by cloning and sequencing, the genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the complete S segment and partial M segment indicated that four viruses formed a distinct phylogenetic linage in HTNV clade; Three viruses belongs to SEOV. Conclusion The mainly epidemic Hantavirus were SEOV and HTNV in Jiangxi area, and there maybe presence of new Hantavirus subtype.

Objective To establish a cockroach risk assessment system for key industries during large scale events by risk recognition and evaluation methods, and to apply the system for the cockroach risk assessment in key industries during the Seventh National Intercity Games in Nanchang, China. Methods The probabilities of cockroach infestation were qualitatively or quantitatively defined, and the risk indices for infestation in key industries were determined according to AS/NZS4360:2004 risk assessment matrix. Results Ten key industries were evaluated for the risk of cockroach infestation. Three industries had grade A probability of infestation, 7 industries had grade B probability, and 1 industry had grade C probability; restaurants had grade 3 outcome of infestation, farmer’s markets, teahouses, and night clubs had grade 1 outcome, and the other 6 sectors had grade 2 outcome. According to the risk indices in key industries, restaurants had an extremely high-level risk (E) of infestation, hospital, teahouses, and night clubs had a medium-level risk (M), and the other 7 sectors had a high-level risk (H). Conclusion By establishing the cockroach risk assessment system for key industries, the biohazards of cockroaches in key industries can be predicted. Not only can this system play a good role in early warning, but it can also help us take specific prevention and control measures in the industries with different risk levels.

Risk assessment technology is more and more wildly applied in the control of vectors and vector-borne diseases. This paper discusses the theory of risk management, and reviews the latest research advances in qualitative risk analysis and quantitative risk analysis, with emphasis on the application of risk assessment matrix, Delphi method, mathematical statistics, mathematical modeling, and geographic information system in this field, and compares the two risk analysis methods.

Objective To establish a rodent risk assessment system for major industries based on risk recognition and evaluation and apply the system to the nine major industries of Nanchang. Methods A indicator matrix was built on the three epidemiological factors with which the risk recognition was initiated to analyze the rodent risk in all industries. Results Different extents of rodent risks were found in the industries, while a high risk of plague, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and other rodent-borne diseases was seen in construction sites, bus stations and farm product markets. Moderate risks were found in hotels, restaurants, hospitals and supermarkets. Conclusion The risk assessment system may be used to predict rodent encroachment on special sectors and provide early warning to inform targeted control strategies.

Objective To determine the association between carboxylesterase (CarE) and beta - cyfluthrin resistance in Musca domestica in various habitats, and monitor this resistance at an early phase by using carboxylesterase. Methods Biological assessment was conducted using dripping titration and the activity of carboxylesterase was determined by the Asperen method. Results Except for the population in transfer stations, the three populations of M. domestica in residential areas, restaurants and farmer's market presented different resistance levels to beta-cyfluthrin with resistance ratios of 1.84, 15.31, 3.19 and 8.84, respectively. The CarE activities in the three populations were significantly elevated (P＜0.05), while 75%, 54% and 72% of them showed remarkably high activities, respectively. Overlapping susceptible strains were found in the three populations except for that in transfer stations. Conclusion Increased CarE activitiy was associated with beta-cyfluthrin resistance in M. domestica. The distribution of high CarE-activity strains showed that the populations in those areas were hybrid resistant strains, which was consistent with the bioassay Results. Based on this finding, it is advisable to restrict the use of beta-cyfluthrin in residential areas and use other pesticides as an alternative to avoid or defer the occurrence of resistance and apply this agent with caution in other habitats.

Objective To determine the population distribution and seasonal fluctuation of rats in Nanchang city. Methods Night trapping and powder trace were employed to survey the rat density in different settings over four years. Results The rodent densities were 1.24% and 5.96% by night-trapping and powder trace, respectively. Two peaks of rat density were found to begin from March and September. Rattus norvegicus, R. tanezumi and Mus musculus accounted for 35.62%, 23.84% and 33.38% in the captured rats. R. norvegicus in residential areas accounted for 56.99%. R. norvegicus and M. musculus in special industries accounted for 49.84% and 27.54%, respectively. M. musculus and R. tanezumi in rural villages accounted for 45.71% and 30.48%, respectively. Conclusion The rodent density in Nanchang was relatively high with obvious seasonal fluctuation. The dominant species had shifted from R. norvegicus to M. musculus, and different dominant species were found in varying environments.

In October 2009, approximately 170 midegs (including specimens of the genera Alluaudomyia, Culicoides, Dasyhelea, Forcipomyia, and Stilobezzia) were collected in Jinggangshan, Jiangxi province. Among them, a new species of Alluaudomyia was found and named A. haiyingi. The specimens of the new species were deposited in the Medical Entomology Collection Gallery, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (20 Dongda Jie, Fengtai, Beijing 100071).

Objective To determine the changes of carboxylesterase (CarE) activity in Culex pipiens quinqusfasciatus treated with cypermethrin and propoxur at sublethal doses. Methods The enzyme activities were measured in vitro with an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. Results After 24 h treatment, the enzymatic activity of resistant strains was 1.19 times that of sensitive strains. Significant inhibition was noted in all treatment groups after 48 h. Compared with the 24 h treatment group, the enzymatic activity of the control group, propoxur at LC₂₀, propoxur at LC₄₀, cypermethrin at LC₂₀, and cypermethrin at LC₄₀ decreased by 24.71%, 38.42%, 97.42%, 90.77% and 95.76%, respectively. The decreases in all treated groups were more significant than in the control group. Activities in resistant strains treated with cypermethrin and propoxur at sublethal doses for 48 h were significantly different from the control group, except for the group treated with LC₂₀ propoxur. Compared with the control group, the specific activity was 11.6254 nmol/(mgpro·min) in the group treated with LC₄₀ of propoxur, indicating significant inhibitory effect. In the groups treated with LC₂₀ and LC₄₀ of cypermethrin, the activity was 55.8868 and 54.5530 nmol/ (mgpro·min), respectively, suggesting significant inductive effects. No difference was noted between the two 24 h and 48 h treatment groups. Compared with the 24 h treatment group, the specific activity of the control group, propoxur (at LC₂₀ and LC₄₀) and cypermethrin (at LC₄₀) treated groups decreased by 60.71% , 59.14% , 23.68% and 47.87% , respectively, whereas the cypermethrin LC₂₀ group increased by 23.89%. The decrease in the control group was lower than those in the treatment groups. Conclusion Different levels of carboxylesterase activity were observed in sensitive and resistant Cx. pipiens quinqusfasciatus when treated with sublethal doses of cypermethrin and propoxur. Thus, indicating their different inhibitory effects and that a single insecticidal agent could have different levels of activity in different populations.

Objective To get insight into the species composition of midges in the Meiling scenic area, providing a scientific base for the control and prevention of blood-sucking midges in the area. Methods The light trap and insect net capture Methods were employed to collect midges in different habitats in the scenic area, and slide specimen were used for the identification of the species in the laboratory. Results A total of 29 species of midges belonging to 5 genera were collected, of which 13 species (11 species belonging to genus Culicoides, 2 species to genus Lasiohel) belonging to two genera, were identified as the blood-sucking midges, with 16 species of 3 genera including 5 species of Dasyhelea, 8 species of Forcipomyia and 3 species of Atrichopogon identified as non-blood-sucking midges. 23 species of midges were found to be new in Nanchang. Conclusion Researches on midges, especially on the blood-sucking midges are not well develpoed and efforts remain to be made to deepen the area in well-rounded manners.

Objective To investigate the rat density in different habitats and the prevalence of major rodent-borne diseases in Nanchang, and to assess the risks of occurrence of rodent-borne diseases. Methods The rodent species was measured using night traps, and data on major rodent-borne diseases were retrieved from the information reporting system for infectious diseases. Risk assessment was completed using the risk assessment matrix. Results From 2006 to 2008, the average density of rats was 1.03% in Nanchang. Rattus norvegicus was the predominant species, accounting for 52.55%, followed by Mus musculus and R. tanezumi, accounting for 18.88% and 17.35%, respectively. The highest rat density, 1.83%, was observed in natural villages of rural areas among the 3 habitats, followed by that in special sectors, 0.89%; and the lowest, 0.56%, was in residential lots. The average incidence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) was 0.68/10⁵ in Nanchang from 2006 to 2008, without human or rodent plague outbreaks in 3 consecutive years. As for the future risk, HFRS occurrence was highly likely in Nanchang, and plague occurrence was possible. Conclusion A scientific risk assessment system may help to predict the risk of disease occurrence.

Objective To determine the resistance of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus in different habitats in Nanchang to 6 kinds of insecticide such as dichlorvos, providing the basis for development of control measures. Methods The larvae, eggs and adults of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus were collected from different habitats in the east, south, west, north and central part of Nanchang city. After 1 to 2 generations of laboratory breeding, the insecticide resistance of the subjects was measured by the impregnation method. Results The resistance coefficients of the mosquitoes from 5 different habitats were 1.19-2.05, 0.57-1.80 and 0.57-1.73 times to propoxur, temephos and dichlorvos, suggesting that the mosquitoes were sensitive to these insecticides. Their resistance coefficients to pyrethroids such as permethrin and cypermethrin were 5.33-56.83 and 10.39-42.17 times, indicating different degrees of resistance. Conclusion There were no insecticide resistance of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus against propoxur, temephos and dichlorvos in different habitats in Nanchang, China. On the contrary, there were midium and high resistance against permethrin and cypermethrin. The monitoring of its inseticide resistance should be strengthened in conjunction with proper application of insecticides in order to delay resistance evolution.

Objective The current drug resistance of Musca domestica in different habitats in Nanchang was determined to  provide  the  basis  for  proper  administration  of  pesticides. Methods The  micro?drop  method  was  applied. Results The M. domestica in different habitats in Nanchang had developed varying degrees of tolerance or resistance to dichlorvos, propoxur, deltamethrin, beta?cypermethrin, beta?cyfluthrin and d?phenothrin. The LD50 of the M. domestica strains from the refuse transfer stations were 0.1664, 31.9389, 0.0348, 0.0498, 0.0059 and 0.2551 μg per fly, respectively; the LD50 of the M. domestica strains from the farmer’s markets were 0.1447, 40.7779, 0.0581, 0.0421, 0.0283 and 0.1722 μg per fly; those of the strains in catering industry were 0.1873, 51.7781, 0.0066, 0.0129, 0.0102 and 0.1990 μg per fly; and those of the strains from the residential areas were 0.2828, 39.8730, 0.0416, 0.0798, 0.0490 and 0.2342 μg per fly. Conclusion The M. domestica in different habitats in Nanchang demonstrated intermediate to high resistance to dichlorvos but low tolerance to propoxur, as well as varying resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Therefore, it is recommended to adopt integrated control measures and scientifically and properly administer pesticides in order to delay or avoid the occurrence and development of drug resistance in houseflies for effective control of M. domestica populations.

【Abstract】 Objective To detect the resistance of Musca domestica in various habitats in early phase with the method of acetylcholinesterase. Methods The  traditional  assay  method  and  acetylcholinesterase  were  used  to  detect  the  resistance  of M. domestica  in  various  habitats  to  dichlorvos (DDVP)  and  propoxur. Results The  bioassay results showed that 4 strains of M. domestica in the residential areas, restaurants, refuse transfer stations and agricultural fair had different resistance to DDVP, and the resistance ratio were 34.07, 22.57，20.05 and 17.43, respectively. The resistance ratio to propoxur was 2.68, 3.48, 2.15 and 2.74, respectively. The DDVP-resistance individual rates of 4 strains in the residential areas, restaurants, refuse transfer stations and agricultural fair were 100%, 82%, 55% and 29%, while propoxur-resistant individual rates of them were 28%, 42%, 12% and 27%, respectively. Except for the strain in refuse transfer stations, the others had resistance to DDVP and propoxur. Conclusion The detection results of acetylcholinesterase were basically consistent with that of bioassays, and it could be used to the early detection of resistance. The 4 resistant strains had middle or high resistance to DDVP and low resistance to propoxur. So, DDVP should be inhibited, and the mixed and rotational use measure could be taken to avoid and delay the development of resistance.

【Abstract】 Objective To know the diurnal cycles and species community of Dasyhelea fasciigera and to provide some basic information for its control. Methods Waving net method was used in this study. Results Five new species were found, which were D.dufouri, D.caeruleus, D.ornatus, D.paragrata and D.raoheensis. The results indicated the peak of D. fasciiger dance was  4  o’clock  at  noon  with  the  temperature  of  25 ℃  and  the  humidity  of 68%. Conclusion The species of D. fasciigera are abundant in Beijing, and there is an obvious dance peak.

【Abstract】 Objective To illustrate the composition, seasonal fluctuation and the diversity of flies  at different habitants in different months in Nanchang. Methods Cage trapping method was used for the monitoring of fly density, and the species diversity index and evenness index were employed. Results The dominant species of fly were Musca domestica, Chrysomya megacephala and Lucilia sericata in Nanchang. There were two peaks in one year, one in May to June, and the other in  September. The species diversity index and the evenness index were the highest in May, reaching 0.4036 and 0.4229 respectively. In 4 different habitants, both indexes were the maximum in farm market, which were 0.4768 and 0.5280, respectively. Conclusion The population characteristics of flies can be reflected with the species diversity index and the evenness index.

Objective To understand the population structure and the dominant species of cockroaches in Nanchang city nowadays,and to explore the control effect of different control methods.Methods The sticky paper with trapped cockroaches was used to investigate the population structure of cockroaches.The control effect of spray,poison bait and toxic powder on Blattella germanica was tested according to the methods of GB.Results Compared to 2001,the infestation of cockroaches was much heavier nowadays. B.germanica was the absolutely dominant species,which accounted for 99.68% of the total cockroaches.The proportions of B.germanica in the restaurant,hotel,hospital and resident areas were 99.72%,99.81%,95.00% and 92.11% respectively,and there was only B.germanica in the agriculture market.The results suggested that d-cyphenothrin had good effect on B.germanica than lambda-cyhalothrin and alphamethrin.In addition,3 poison baits tested had all good effects,among which sanyecao was the best one,which the LT ₅₀ and the mortality rate at 96 h were 0.08 d and 100%,respectively.Moreover,the mortality rate of two different poison powders were all 100%.Conclusion B.germanica was the dominant species in Nanchang city.The residual spray of d-cyphenothrin,lambda-cyhalothrin and alphamethrin could control it very well,and the poison baits and toxic powders also had good control effect on it.

Objective To study the relationship between the activities of glutathione S-transferase(GSTs) and phosphatase from German cockroach(Blattella germanica) and its resistance,so as to reveal its resistance mechanism.Methods The activity of phosphatase and the values of the Michaelis-Menten constant( K _m) and the maximum velocity( V _max) were determined according to the method of Bessey et al.The activity of glutathione s-transferase and the values of its K _m and V _max were measured according to the methods of Clark,Kao and Booth.Results The activity of acidic phosphatase from sensitive strain and field strains were 0.98 and 26.95 nmol/(insect·30 min)respectively,and the specific activities of them were 1.45 and 1.59 μmol/(mg pro·30 min).The K _m values were 26.14 and 0.89 mmol/L,and the values of the V _max were 3.33 and 0.85 nmol/(mg pro·30 min)respectively.The activity of alkaline phosphatase(ALP) from two strains were(0.03±0.00) and(0.28±0.06)nmol/(insect·30 min),and their specific activities were(0.33±0.00) and(0.37±0.00)μmol/(mg pro·30 min) respectively.The values of the K _m were 70.38 and 61.24 mmol/L,and the values of the V _max were 16.20 and 14.00 nmol/(mg pro·30 min). The activity of GSTs from two strains were 0.13 and 0.47 nmol/min respectively,and the specific activities were 8.94 and 17.37 nmol/(mg pro·min) respectively.The values of the K _m were 2.08 and 5.81 mmol/L,and the values of the V _max were 0.08 and 0.17 nmol/min.Conclusion The activity change of glutathione s-transferase and phosphatase from field strain German cockroaches was related to the resistance.

Objective To control the invasion of Blattella germanica on passenger trains. Methods Several measures were corporately used in this study, including spray, poisonous powder and gel bait. Results Compared to June, the cockroach density decreased 64.79% in July and 90.35% in August. The invasion rate was under 2.0% since August. In addition, in July, the invasion of cockroach decreased 69.76% in the serious invasion carriages, 66.86% in the moderate invasion carriages and 53.85% in the slight invasion carriages, respectively. In August, it decreased 98.79% in the serious invasion carriages, 86.98% in the moderate invasion carriages and 73.63% in the slight invasion carriages, respectively. The serious invasion carriage had never founded in September, and it decreased 95.86% in the moderate invasion carriages and 78.02% in the slight invasion carriages. Conclusion At present, chemical control is still a key measure to control cockroach, and several chemicals combination measure can effectively control the invasion of the cockroach, synchronously strengthening the environment repairs and service quality management.

Objective To understand breeding water bodies and seasonal circle of mosquito larvae for mosquito control.Methods Ladle and container index methods.Results The larvae positive rate of large and middle size of breeding water bodies was 63.16%. Culex,Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes larvae were found.Larvae were found in 8 of 11 kinds of water bodies.In large water bodies,larvaes growth peak was in June,the density index was 2.88 larvae per ladle.Among 5 different water bodies,the highest density was in kitchen gardens,and its density index was 2.36 larvae per ladle. Culex, Anopheles and Aedes larvae were all found in 4 different kinds of containers.The whole positive rate and density index were 36.06% and 77.03%,respectively,and the peak occurs in June.Conclusion The key time for mosquito control was in June,and the key areas were containers,ground water logging and dirty water.

Objective To evaluate the resistance of Blattella germanica against common used insecticides in Nanchang,and to study the characteristic of carboxylesterase(CarE) in both field and susceptible population.Methods The surface contact method of WHO recommended for cockroach were used for B.germanica insecticides resistance test,and Van Asperen method were used for CarE activity.Results The resistance indexes of dichlorvos,popoxur,deltamethrin,beta cypermethrin were >122.3,1.1,1.4,5.3,4.9 respectively in field population comparing to susceptible strain.The specific activities of the resistant and sensitive strains were 68.7567 mmol/(mgpro·30 min),56.5069 mmol/(mgpro·30 min);The values of K _m were 0.4171 mmoL/L,0.4374 mmol/L;The values of V _max were 0.8525 nmol/(mgpro·min),0.4075 nmol/(mgpro·min) respectively.Conclusion B.germanica in Nanchang developed resistance to most of the tested insecticides but propoxur,and the resistance was associated with the changes of biochemical activities of the CarE.

Objective To determine the role of the esterase in the effect of the Zymplex on Culex( Culex) pipinens pallens Coquillet,1898.Methods Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).Results Both the treated groups and the control demonstrated three bands(named A,B,C) and showed the samiliar results in different treated methods.Their relative migration rate were 0.42,0.45,0.51 respectively.It also showed that in the treated groups the amount of the esterase of B and A and C increased and in the control groups the amount of the esterase of B and C increased compared with each other.Conclusion PAGE method can be used in the study of the mechanism of the enzyme product against mosquito.